Astra

Shipwreck Astra
Type:
shipwreck, freighter, Denmark
Name:
Astra is Latin for star.
Built:
1945, Denmark, as Gudnaes
Specs:
( 333 x 51 ft ) 2709 gross tons, 105 passengers & crew
Sunk:
Friday March 30, 1951
collision with freighter Steel Inventor ( 5689 tons) - 5 casualties
Depth:
85 ft

Today the Astra sits in 85 ft of water on a sandy bottom. Her stern is intact and lists to port. The rest of the ship sits upright, her midsection collapsed. She can be easily penetrated and is a great photography wreck. The stern has the greatest relief, coming 25 ft or so off the sand. Parts of automobiles are spread around the wreckage.

Shipwreck Astra
Side-scan courtesy of Stockton University
Shipwreck Astra New York Times
shipwreck Astra Coast Guard Report
Steel Inventor
Steel Inventor - scrapped in Japan 1954


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An Explanation of Professor A.A. Buhlmann's ZH-L16 Algorithm

by Paul Chapman

Note to new divers and potential new divers:

This information is presented for general interest. Don't be scared off by what you see here - you don't need to learn any of this to become a safe and competent scuba diver. You will however need to understand dive planning.

The following is a summary of the decompression algorithm described by Dr A.A. Buhlmann in the fourth edition of his book Tauchmedizin ( diving medicine ) published in 1995 ( only in German. ) the book contains a considerable amount of other information and is published by Springer-Verlag ISBN 3-540-58970-8. Rumor has it that at the time of writing ( November 1999 ) an English translation is being prepared for publishing, so hopefully, in due course, this document will become redundant.

The algorithm is simply a "recipe" for modeling the behavior of inert gases, which diffuse in and out of our body tissues when breathed under varying pressures. The intention is that if the recipe models the actual processes in our bodies accurately enough, it can be used to plan dives ( and other pressure exposures ) with a view to avoiding decompression sickness.